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ADDIE vs. SAM
Comparing ADDIE and SAM: Choosing the Right Instructional Design Model Introduction
Bny the end of this blog post, readers will be able to:
- Define the ADDIE and SAM instructional design models and their key phases.
- Compare the differences between ADDIE and SAM in terms of structure, flexibility, and development time.
- Identify scenarios where ADDIE is best suited and where SAM is more effective.
- Analyze a practical example of how each model applies to instructional design projects.
- Evaluate when to use a hybrid approach that combines elements of both ADDIE and SAM.
Categories: Instructional Design Theory
Description
Instructional designers rely on structured models to create effective learning experiences. Two of the most widely used frameworks are ADDIE (Analyse, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) and SAM (Successive Approximation Model). While both models aim to produce engaging and effective learning solutions, they differ significantly in their approach and application. Understanding their strengths and limitations helps instructional designers choose the right model for a given project.
Understanding ADDIE
ADDIE is a linear and systematic instructional design framework that provides a structured approach to course development. It consists of five phases:
- Analyse – Identify learner needs, objectives, and constraints.
- Design – Develop a blueprint, including learning objectives, assessments, and instructional strategies.
- Develop – Create learning materials, including eLearning modules, videos, and interactive content.
- Implement – Deliver the course to learners, ensuring accessibility and usability.
- Evaluate – Assess the effectiveness of the training through formative and summative evaluation.
When to Use ADDIE:
- Projects with well-defined objectives and scope.
- Compliance training, corporate onboarding, or academic courses that require structured content.
- Situations where extensive testing and evaluation are necessary before deployment.
Understanding SAM
SAM is an agile, iterative instructional design model that allows for continuous feedback and refinement. It consists of three key phases:
- Preparation Phase – Gather project information, define learning goals, and conduct brainstorming sessions.
- Iterative Design Phase – Rapidly develop prototypes, receive stakeholder feedback, and refine the design.
- Iterative Development Phase – Create, test, and implement content while continuously improving based on feedback.
When to Use SAM:
- Fast-paced projects that require flexibility and quick iteration.
- eLearning and digital training programs where ongoing updates and changes are expected.
- Situations where stakeholder involvement and rapid prototyping are crucial.
Feature
Approach
Flexibility
Development Time
Ideal Use Cases
ADDIE
Linear, systematic
Less flexible; requires a complete plan before development
Longer, as each phase must be completed before moving to the next
Structured learning, compliance training, academic courses
SAM
Iterative, agile
Highly flexible; allows for ongoing feedback and iteration
Faster, due to rapid prototyping and continuous feedback
eLearning, corporate training, projects requiring frequent updates
Practical Example
Imagine designing an onboarding program for a new software product:
- Using ADDIE, the instructional designer would first conduct a thorough needs analysis, then design and develop all learning materials before launching the training. This ensures a polished and structured course.
- Using SAM, the designer would create a quick prototype, test it with a small group, gather feedback, and refine the training iteratively. This approach allows for immediate adjustments based on learner responses.
Conclusion
Both ADDIE and SAM have their place in instructional design. ADDIE is best suited for projects requiring a structured, systematic approach, while SAM is ideal for fast-paced, iterative development. In real-world practice, instructional designers often combine elements of both models, adapting their approach based on project needs, timelines, and stakeholder input. By understanding and leveraging the strengths of both frameworks, designers can create effective and engaging learning experiences.
© 2025 Flavia Bernardes
